14/12/28/120
Dear Friends,
This week we will further examine the Genetic Origin of the Nations. We will now look at the female DNA structure and the way in which females are measured or allocated to groups. This DNA is termed mitochondrial DNA (MTDNA). This aspect will tell us a lot about how the females bred and intermarried within the tribal lines. The female DNA has posed some questions for the Bible student and also requires to be placed, together with the male YDNA structure, within the Bible account.
The MTDNA puzzle
Before we examine the YDNA haplogroups (Hgs.) further we will pose a problem
and suggest a solution.
There are 26 MTDNA haplogroups indicating 26 female MTDNA lines. Some seven original Hgs. or female “eves” are posed for Europe. However, when we examine the tree of MTDNA we find some interesting group derivatives. The so-called Supergroups are really only in three basic groups. In other words they came from three main female lines. That is what we would expect to find if we assume there were only three females that bred on from the ark, namely the wives of Shem, Ham and Japheth. These haplogroups are all descended from a single female supergroup namely Haplogroup L. So in reality all females are descended from one female line Hg. L. That is super L. This line then split into L1, and then L2 and L3. The line L3 diverged and from L3 came the other MTDNA mutations. Thus, all females came from one Eve whose MTDNA line was L.
The L groups L1, L2 and L3 are all found in Africa and are the major groups almost exclusively in sub-Saharan Africa. Only from Ethiopia north do we get large diversity of the MTDNA record. That is the basic reason why evolutionists claim that we all came out of Africa. The placement of the DNA groups can be seen in the work of J. D. McDonald who has grouped them by charts of Y and MTDNA Haplogroups available at http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf.
The supergroups M and N were next to diverge or mutate. From a biblical point of view we can argue easily that L was formed with Eve and the other groups were pre-flood divisions that came on to the ark. Thus, we could correctly argue that L, M, and N came on to the ark within the accepted biblical account. It is also possible that the subdivision Supergroup R may have come on, depending on the number of females on the ark. All MTDNA haplogroups are subdivisions of L, then M and N and subsequently R, which itself is a mutation of Hg. N. Thus the only argument between the Bible account and modern scientific DNA is the supposition that the mathematical models require a much longer period than the Bible chronology to mutate. That assumption is based on the premise that MTDNA does not force mutation of the Human Genome and that assumption is now being shown to be false. The Bible statement that death came by sin is seemingly demonstrable as a condition of the human DNA system as we saw previously. As seen from the Pasteur Institute research, MTDNA causes mutation where damage has occurred through disease, and also radiation, as we are now discovering. We are progressively mutating in our DNA through the direct influence of the Mitochondrial DNA on the Human Genome. We started perfect with Adam and we are getting weaker over time. We did not evolve. We degenerated. Our DNA mutated with exposure to MTDNA in its variant forms. It follows as a matter of logic that diverse MTDNA must cause further mutation in the Human Genome thus affecting the Y Chromosome.
Thus from the original Hg. L we get Hg. M and Hg. N. Both of these groups are independent direct mutations of Hg. L.
Thus, we can assume that Eve produced the line L and the three wives of Shem, Ham and Japheth are at least the three groups L, M and N. There may have been further divisions given the fact that Noah may have had daughters not mentioned and their MTDNA line may have been L, or M or N. It may have even been R, if we assume that the entire L line came in through the wife of Ham, as the L line is almost confined to the sub-Saharan tribes. We also have to address the fact that Eve was dark skinned and the fact that Adam means “the one who was red.” Thus the capacity for the development of skin colour was an original trait of the human creation. The explanation for the decrease in melanin, which causes pigmentation, is that the further away from the equator you go the lighter your skin must be in order to survive. You get less vitamin D with an increase in melanin. Thus, you need less capacity to absorb vitamin D where the sun is greatest, and more melanin protection, but more capacity to absorb Vitamin D and less protection where the sun is decreased. So the offspring of Noah simply got lighter in melanin the further north they moved.
The wives of Shem and Japheth were of the subdivisions of L, perhaps M and N or perhaps also R.
The two groups M and N formed the following subgroups:
M produced three subdivisions:
M subgroup including;
C and Z, which split from each other, and D and G;
E subdivision; and
Q subdivision
We might thus also deduce that the wives of the sons of Noah were taken from the one family lineage maintaining purity in the generations in the female line also. The L2 and L3 split may have come from the family structure before the flood. The daughters of Noah and the wives of the sons could have carried all three of the L subdivisions and the basic core sub groups of M, N and perhaps R.
It is therefore possible, even if there were only the wife and perhaps a daughter of Noah, and the wives of Shem, Ham and Japheth, that the women of the Ark could easily have contained the basis for the modern MTDNA diversity. We would not be surprised to find such diversity in a family of married sons even today. In Palestine, Egypt and South Pakistan it is common today to find these groups.
Supergroup M
M is found in greatest quantities and percentages among the Indians and Pakistanis. From there the group spreads north and east to the Mongols and Han Chinese and on to Japan and Taiwan. The divisions of M into C and D occurred in the Eastern steppes among the Han and the Mongols and the Japanese. The C divisions occurred among the Mongols and sub groups. The Evenks are predominantly C with only small percentages of M, D and U. The Buryats of Central Eastern Siberia are C and D with some L3 and then the mutation G. This mutation is carried east into the Nivikhs and is most prolific amongst the Itelmen of Eastern Siberia and goes on into the Chukchi of Far Eastern Siberia.
The mutations of M into Hg. E occurred among the Aboriginal Taiwanese and in Kalimantan, being prolific in Sabah. The Q variant occurred in Papua New Guinea. Thus the above MTDNA variation occurred as the tribes moved progressively east from the Hindu Cush into Mongolia, China, South East Asia and Melanesia.
This was the original progression of the MTDNA after the flood of the M supergroup.
Supergroup N
The supergroup N is now found mostly in Central and East Asia and among the
Australian Aboriginals. The N group split into:
N subgroup, which included Haplogroups I and W;
The A and X subdivision;
Y subdivision; and
R subdivision.
Concentrations of base N are among the Australian aborigines in approximately the same distribution as the YDNA Hg. C is found there. That fact indicates that these people came to Australia probably from the Eastern distribution of the Cushites and stayed isolated. Their base DNA was not mutated by other mitochondrial intrusion. Their base structure does not argue for a long occupation but rather an isolated DNA system that suffered no forced mutation by intermarriage with other MTDNA haplogroups.
The P structure in Australia may have come in with the YDNA Hg. K and RxR1 from the Melanesians. There are high concentrations of both MTDNA Hg. P and Q with some M. There is a very small MTDNA M in Australia with a similarly small percentage of MTDNA N in Papua New Guinea. This would indicate occasional exchange, probably from captive women. There is an argument that the YDNA K and the MTDNA P may have been there with the Papuans when the Tasmanian Aboriginals came and in fact preceded the Australian Aboriginal YDNA C and MTDNA N. That is uncertain but the Tasmanians were of a Papuan type as were the Maorii who preceded the Maori in NZ.
The N MTDNA structure is also among the Japanese, Han Chinese, Han Taiwanese, Altai, Uzbeks, Komi, Persians, Turks and also in Southern Russia.
The N supergroup split into subgroups N, I and W.
The I subgroup is somewhat rare and appears as a significant percentage, albeit a small one, among the Kurds and into Turkey probably from the Kurds there. It is a small percentage in Egypt and then goes into Iberia, France, UK, Scandinavia and Iceland. It appears the N and I split occurred in the Middle East before the N groups went east and the I Hg. went west. W is also amongst the Kurds as is U and K and HV and the H subdivision. Thus these two divisions and the sub groups are represented there but the parent Hg. R is not represented. The N, I, and W groups are all present in Palestine/Egypt. MTDNA Hg. I probably came from the Middle East with the Anglo Saxons or the earlier Celtic movements, perhaps even after the fall of Troy in the 11th century BCE.
The A and X MTDNA haplogroups are predominant among the American Indians. Hg. X, being a subdivision, occurred when they moved into the North East of North America.
Y is a mutation that occurred in North Asia and is found among the Nivikhs.
Supergroup R
Haplogroup R is found among the Thais in greatest percentages, in India, South Pakistan, and in smaller percentages amongst the Han Chinese, and the Hazara.
The R supergroup split into the following:
B;
F;
HV, which split into H and V;
P;
The J and T subdivision; and
U, from which came K.
Whilst Hg. R is found among the Thai and others as above, the sub division B is more telling. B is found amongst the Han Chinese, and in greater percentages in Southern China with larger percentages among the Aboriginal Taiwanese, but also present among the Han Taiwanese and the Japanese. Haplogroup B moved south to Papua New Guinea and is in greatest concentrations among the Polynesians, being over 90% of their MTDNA. The B subgroup is then found across the Pacific in greatest concentrations on the west coast of North, Central and South America indicating that the movement was from Central Asia to South East Asia to Polynesia to the Americas, but the YDNA there in the Americas is not C but Q. It is only C with Q in Alaska and then out into Central North America. This C route must also have been across to the north or, YDNA Q tribes took the women of YDNA C men and wiped them out. This may be so as the recent finds of a YDNA C basic male, identified as an Australian Aboriginal on the West Coast of North America, predating any other finds to date, seems to indicate this migration.
The presence of groups A, X and D together indicate a Pacific crossing from North Asia with the A division from Hg. N occurring in Taiwan and Japan and spreading north to the Chukchi of Far Eastern Siberia and across the Aleutians in two groups. The northern group was to become the Alaskan Eskimos and the southern group was to become the Alaskan Amerindians. The northern groups appear to have been the primary northern migrators forming the Na-Dene (Chippewa) MTDNA (predominantly from Hg A). The A group went East and North and on into Greenland with the D groups going on into South America with A, C and B as well as into the area of what is the South-eastern USA. The Q males thus had four lines of females with them including the later MTDNA variation U being found in North America but also in the area of what is now Chile. Thus the settlement of the Americas was late with the YDNA and MTDNA mutations being of the second last forms.
The HV group mutated from R in the Middle East and both R and HV are found in Persia and South Pakistan. The Hg. H variant is found from the Uzbeks and the Mansi, the Hazara, and the Komi in the Central Steppes right across Europe to Iceland. H forms the major MTDNA structure of the West Europeans. It is also found in Palestine, Egypt and NW Africa to Morocco. The Hg. V variant is in smaller quantities except among the Saami of northern Scandinavia where the percentages are dramatically reversed. Percentages of R subdivision J, T, U and K are found in similar distribution over Europe with the exception of the Saami, and Kurds where U is predominant except the K variant is found among the Kurds where it is absent in the Saami indicating they did not see that variation, splitting from the other U groups before it occurred. The other Northern Tribes in Russia, of the Kets and the Komi have significant U but they also have F or T variations, which the Saami do not. The Saami also have some percentage of D as well as H and some Z.
The progressive MTDNA Haplogroup divisions are shown in the attached table.
Conclusions
There is thus nothing in the MTDNA variations and haplogroups to preclude the Bible story and the Genesis account being accommodated by, or accommodating, the scientific advances we find here.
MTDNA haplogroups L, M, N and perhaps R were present in the women on the Ark. The mutations occurred as each group moved out from the Middle East and crossbred with moving tribes and families over time.
Next we will return to the YDNA structure to try to identify the tribes and
nations involved and place them within the Genesis account.
Wade Cox
Coordinator General
© Copyright 2006 Wade Cox, All rights Reserved
